UWG Admissions SAT Scores, Financial Aid More

Essay on Thoughts on the First Industrial Revolution

Thoughts on the First Industrial Revolution The Era known as the Industrial Revolution was a period in which fundamental changes occurred agriculture, textiles and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England. This period is appropriately or inappropriately classified as a revolution, for this period completely destroyed the old ways of doing things; yet these changes did not occur in an abrupt change as the word revolution implies. The transformation that occurred during the period of (1760-1850) occurred very slowly with small gradual changes. 1760 the year generally accepted as the eve of the Industrial Revolution was not the eve at all. In reality, this eve people†¦show more content†¦The yield of food crops increased as well, mainly due to the enclosure movement taking hold in English villages. Enclosure is the process of enclosing pieces of land by the use of stone walls, tall shrubs ect. This process helped to increase production because now farmers were able to introduce new technologies to farming, that before they were unable to do. Before enclosure there were large farms where villagers worked together to farm. With the coming of enclosure, farmers were allowed to rent a piece of land and work that land by themselves. Enclosure gave incentive to try new ways of farming because the more they produced on their piece of land, the more grain they could sell at the market, and in turn the more profit they could make. For example, a widely common practice in agriculture at the time was to allow the land to lie fallow after it had been exhausted of minerals through cultivation. Soon it was discovered that the growing of clover and other types of legumes would help restore the fertility of the land. The improved use of manure also helped replenish land that had been exhau sted of minerals. Many of these innovations had been known for some time but had never been widely used before. The improvements came into universal use due to the pressure from a rising population. The improvements in agriculture, led to a greater supply of grain during the winter months to sustainShow MoreRelatedSocial And Economic Impacts Of Industrial Revolution893 Words   |  4 PagesSocial and Economic Impacts of Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in the 1760’s. Britain became the first country to see its effects. Britain was the best for the revolution because of their high religious tolerance, the Scientific Revolution was underway, and Britain’s government encouraged inner growth by making foreign goods more expensive. During this time period, Britain’s population grew, wealth increased, and the citizens became interested in the fate of Britain. WritingsRead MoreRomanticism In Frankenstein Essay740 Words   |  3 PagesImagine a world without Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution,and Romanticism. Mary Shelley uses these topics in her novel to expose the effects that each of these had on society. Frankenstein is a novel that was published in the early 1800’s and tells a story about a man by the name of Victor Frankenstein. Technology and critical thinking skills plays a huge role in the novel and real life.By analyzing the importance of the Enlightenment, Indus trial Revolution, and Romanticism she unfolds both personalRead MoreThe Link Between the Industrial Revolution and Socialism Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was period of rapid economic and social growth during the mid 18th and early 19th centuries. The new found power of coal and iron made for many new innovations in machinery. Not all of the Industrial Revolution’s changes were physical. A new ideology arose from the sweat of the working class: socialism. Socialism is a political theory advocating state or collective ownership of property and industry opposed to private ownership. To fully understand the relationshipRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Impact On Western Society1521 Words   |  7 Pageseasily be seen that the Industrial Revolution is one of the most significant events in the formation of Western Society. During the period from 1780 to 1850 (Sherman and Salisbury 517), there were many technological advances made, and this period is k nown as the Industrial Revolution. The Revolution prompted massive economic growth, urbanization, changes in gender roles, and paved the way for the development of the modern Western society. Although the Scientific Revolution allowed for the innovationRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The Effects On Women s Rights1569 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution and the Effects on Women s Rights The Industrial Revolution was one of the most important and productive periods of history. The Industrial Revolution has to do with the time between the late 18th century and mid-19th century where there were profound advances in production, manufacturing, and other fields of engineering. It began in Great Britain in the late 1700s which then spread to the United States and then to many other parts of the world. Societies were very ruralRead More The Industrial Revolution Essay example985 Words   |  4 PagesPeter Stearns claims that the industrial revolution was an intensely human experience. What initially arose as scientific advancements in metallurgy and machine building, the industrial revolution period saw a redefinition of life as a whole. As industry changed, human life began to adapt. Work life was drastically changed which, in turn, resulted in family life being affected. As is human nature, major change was met with great resistant. Ultimately, the most successful people during the transitionRead MoreDescribe how the second industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century differed from the first industrial revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.1420 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Describe how the second industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century differed from the first industrial revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. This paper intends to compare the first industrial revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries and the second industrial revolution of the mid-18th and 19th centuries. It will highlight the transformation from the first revolution to the second revolution, focusing on the presence of giant firms and role of science and technologyRead MoreImportant Factors Leading to Industrial Revolution1606 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, it is almost taken for granted that the industrial revolutions are the result of changing technology and the proper application of that in the industrial production. However, from my point of view, these two factors did play a vital role in stimulating industrial revolutions, but they were not the only catalyzer propelling monumental development in industry. Influentially, the improvements in organizations of politics, social patterns, commerce, finance, and transportation alsoRead MoreThe Importance Of The British Industrial Revolution1047 Words   |  5 Pages The British Industrial Revolution had occurred from the mid 1700s to mid 1800s. The slave trade or rather the triangular trade was a major trade between Britain, Africa, and West Indies and the Americas. Britain had traded manufactured goods to Africa, who then traded slaves to the plantations and they then traded produce goods like sugar and cotton. This trade played a significant role in the British history and economy. According to Eric Williams book, Capitalism and Slavery, the slave tradeRead More Technology In The Industrial Revolution Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology In The Industrial Revolution Changes in the way people worked, the reformation of social class structure, the concepts that people had about social classes, and the modified international balance of political power were all attributes of the Industrial Revolution. The Revolutions radical changes effected the human experience in both negative and positive means. One aspect that had a positive significant impact on the Revolution was the advancement in technology. Exactly

Whywhy Children Should Play or Organized Sports Free Essays

Why Children Should Play School or Organized Sport â€Å"Research has shown that participation in outside of school sports and or other organized sports is associated with lower dropout rates, reduced problem behaviors, and increased school performance. Children build interpersonal skills, positive assets needed to become active and productive young adults. Studies suggest that children who are involved with after school sports or organized sports have higher self esteem, lower depression rates and have better opportunities for optimal growth and development†. We will write a custom essay sample on Whywhy Children Should Play or Organized Sports or any similar topic only for you Order Now Howie, 2009) Children should play school sports or organized sports, because sports improve children’s self esteem, sports teach children skills that they can use to become leaders, and sports give children the exercise they need to stay healthy. Although, school sports or organized sports help children with their self esteem, teach children to be team players and give children the exercise to stay healthy there are cons to playing sports. School sports or organized sports are commitments that a child needs to make. When there is a child that is going to play sports, the family also needs to be a part of the team as well. Playing sports is time consuming and takes a lot of time from be able to do other things outside of sports. It is important that the child and parents know the length of the season, the practice schedule and game schedule to make sure that there is time for family time too. It is also important that when a child has decided to play a sport that the entire family is willing to be a part of the team as well. School sports and or organized sports are wonderful to help increase self esteem in children. When children have a high level of self esteem they reduce the chances of depression and anxiety. Children that play school sports or organized sports have a high level of self esteem and do well in school; it helps children to become problem solvers and gives children encouragement to do well in school. It has been proven that children that participate in school sports or organized sports earn better grades, have better behaviors in and out of the classroom, and there is a lower rate of them dropping out of school. School sports or organized sports keep hildren going to school on a regular basis with fewer unexcused days missed, because they know that if they are not in school they are going to miss the opportunity to play with their team. â€Å"Furthermore, non participants of school sports or organized sports were more likely to drop of school; children were more likely to smoke cigarettes, more likely to become teen parents and more likely to be arrested than children who are sp ort participants†. (Donaldson, 2007) School sports or organized sports gives children skills to become team members and helps children to become leaders. Children that play school sports or organized sports learn skills that they can use their entire lives. â€Å"Developmental benefits include: developing individual and team goals, meeting deadlines, working as a team, learning to perform under pressure, dealing with adversity, handling success and failure, developing self confidence, developing decision making strategies, and learning communication skills†. (Zaichowsky, 2007) School sports or organized sports are a wonderful way to encourage children to learn skills to become leaders in today’s society. After children graduate from high school and continue on to college, they are going to be able to take the skills that they have learned with them to the â€Å"Real World†. When children play school sports or organized sports they know that they are part of a team and that their team needs them. They need to make sure that they go to practice, go to school and make sure that they get good grades so that they are eligible to play in their games. Sports give children the feeling of membership and know that they are needed to complete a task from start to finish. Playing sports starts a foundation for children to be leaders. As children grow older and are learning the skills to become better adults, it is important that they understand that the younger generations are going to look up to them for guidance. They need to take their skills that they have learned and teach it to the younger children that are looking up to them for guidance. They have been taught the skills to be good role models for the next generation. Although school sports or organized sports teaches children lessons in life to be successful human beings, the most important reason that children should play sports is to be healthy. When children are school sports or rganized sport teams, they are going to get the exercise that they need to get healthy and stay healthy. â€Å"An increase in physical activity has many health benefits: it lowers the risk of obesity, coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, hypertension, and osteoporosis†. (Collard, 2008) Exercise teaches children to be physical fit, but also teaches children that nutr ition is also important. Child obesity is on the rise in the United States. In today’s society we lead very busy lives and it is convenient to stop at fast food restaurants between work, home and sporting events to pick up dinner. Also, there are a lot of entertaining shows on television that children are interested in watching. We can help our children become healthier by leading healthy lifestyles as a family. Exercising is important to keep children fit and healthy to prevent injuries. Injuries can happen to healthy children do, but the risk is higher for children that are not in physical shape. Everyone should have at least 20 to 30 minutes of cardiovascular exercise each day, when children are playing school sports or organized sports they are exercising and having fun at the same time. Children should play school sports or organized sports to make sure that they get enough exercise. The word exercise to children sounds like work, however when they are playing sports they are exercising and getting into shape without knowing it. The importance of limiting television time and playing games on the computer or other gaming systems would be helpful to children too. When children are not playing school sports or organized sports, they should be encouraged to go for walk, go for a bike ride, take their dog for a walk or simply run up and down a set of stairs. By playing school sports or organized sports it is easier for children to get the exercise they need, but when they are not playing they also need to make sure they get the exercise they need to stay in shape. Physical Education classes in school help children, but there are schools in our country that are cutting PE classes from their budgets. School sports are great to get children exercising during the season but once the season ends it is just as important that they stay fit and healthy for the next season. There has been a drop in the number of students enrolled in daily physical education classes, so that one in four children do not attend any school physical education class. Seventy percent of children drop out of sports by the age of 13. Nearly half of young people ages 12 through 21, and more than one-third of high school students do not participate in any vigorous physical activity on a regular basis. Fewer than one out of four children get 20 minutes of vigorous daily activity. The percentage of overweight young Americans has more than doubled in the past 30 years†. Engle, 2010) Children that play school sports or organized sports have a better chance of getting the exercise that they need compared to students that do not play sports. For children that don’t play sports, it is important that they are encouraged to join some other activity that involved daily exercise to keep children fit and healthy. In conclusion school sports or organized sports is wonderful for children to learn tools that they are going to use through their childhood, but most importantly they are going to be able to take these tools and use them through the entire life. Sports participation is a major factor in the development of most American children. About 20 million American children ages 6 through 16 plays organized out of school sports, and about 25 million youth play competitive school sports. 30 to 45 million kids’ ages 6 through 18 participate in at least one school or community based athletic program†. (Engle, 2010) School sports or organized sports improve children’s self esteem levels, gives children the tools and lessons to become a leader and also allows children time to get the exercise that they need to get and stay healthy. When children have a high level of self esteem they do better in school and have more confidence. School sports or organized sports are a wonderful tool that is used to help children achieve their goals. How to cite Whywhy Children Should Play or Organized Sports, Papers

How important is the Mrs Dubose episode in To Kill A Mockingbird Essay Example For Students

How important is the Mrs Dubose episode in To Kill A Mockingbird Essay To Kill A Mockingbird is an important novel as it deals with numerous issues such as; growing up, prejudice, tolerance, understanding of others and courage. This well written story by Harper Lee focuses on a family living in Maycomb County, a microcosm of American Society concerned with only its own problems, in the 1930s. The main plot of this novel concerns a black man being wrongly accused and charged with the rape of a white woman and, due to the racial unfairness that took place at this time, he is convicted. This book is aimed at challenging the racial discrimination that took place at this time in Alabama, South America. Atticus Finch, the father of the Finch family, is the lawyer who defends Tom Robinson, the black man accused of rape. Atticus has one son and one daughter, he is a single parent and is aged fifty at the beginning of the book. Atticus is a man of truth who treats his children with respect. His daughter, Scout, talks about her and her brothers upbringing by stating in the first chapter, He played with us, read to us, and treated us with courteous detachment. This emphasises that although Atticus was a loving father to his children he was also a man of principle and a teacher of lifes morals. Atticus is a very important character in the novel as he embodies the themes of justice, tolerance, goodness and courage. His son, Jem, is nearly ten years old at the beginning of the book and progressively matures throughout the novel. He is rational and intelligent and is a constant companion of Scout, but as Jem matures overtime they slowly drift apart. The first chapter of the story shows the coming of Dill. I feel he plays an important role in the childhood of Jem and Scout and as Jem matures he spends more time with Dill rather then Scout. The daughter of Atticus, Jean-Louise Finch, who is also known as Scout, is almost six at the beginning of the story. The whole book is written from the perspective of this young girl and this gives it a very innocent view. As Scout was young at the time the book was written she had a childish view of the world and contained childish fair play. When Scout was at the trial of Tom Robinson she thought that Tom Robinson was being treated unfairly, but she didnt understand it was because he was black. This shows that Scout had innocent ideas of right and wrong, being a child. Scouts innocence helps show the reader the real truth of life in Maycombe County in the 1930s. Mayella Ewell was the unstable white girl who accused Tom Robinson of rape in the novel. But it later turned out that this was just a cover up to hide the fact that her father, Bob Ewell, had beaten her. Another woman who liked to hide the truth in the novel was a much older woman, named Mrs Dubose. Mrs Dubose was known as the meanest old woman that had ever lived, as said Jem in Chapter four. She was a racist member of Maycomb County. Unlike Miss Maudie Atkinson, a kind neighbour and friend of the Finch family, Mrs Dubose represented everything bad about Southern American society. In chapter eleven, after Jems twelfth birthday, Jem took Scout to town to buy a steam engine for himself and a twirling baton for Scout, with his birthday money. On their way, Mrs Dubose was sitting on her porch; she started shouting to Jem and Scout asking them where they were going. But before they could have time to possibly answer she started accusing them of playing hooky. This shows that Mrs Dubose was not really interested in listening to what Jem and Scout had to say, but would instead rather insult them. Mrs Duboses attempt at accusing them of truanting from school had been a failure as it was the weekend. Jem pointed out this mistake by saying, Aw, its Saturday Mrs Dubose, but this only made the situation worse. She then asked them if Atticus knew where they were going and Jem told her that they had been going to town since they were very young. This infuriated Mrs Dubose as Jem had outsmarted her twice. Mrs Dubose started insulting them both, after realising that she was wrong, and Jem and Scout walked on trying their best to ignore her. Until, Mrs Dubose yelled, not only a Finch waiting on tables but one in the courthouse lawing for niggers. This made Jem stiffen. I think this insult was too much for Jem to tolerate. Children in school had made fun of Atticus before, but no mature adult had shouted such terrible insults at his children. Mrs Dubose continued to do this as they headed of to town. But Jem remained calm. Black Boy By Richard Wright EssayWhen Atticus sent Jem to Mrs Duboses house, after cutting her camellias, Scout thought that he was going to be murdered because Mrs Dubose kept a gun under her clothes. She was very worried of Jem and couldnt understand why Atticus would send him to his death. This part of the chapter shows that although Scout was much younger than Jem she was very protective over him. This is an unusual relationship as it is usually the older child who is more protective of the younger child, but this only emphasises the closeness of their relationship. As days of reading to Mrs Dubose passed Jem matured. He managed to keep his cool when Mrs Dubose insulted him and his family. When she said, dont guess you feel like holding your head up, with your father what he is, Jem raised his head. Although he hated her and she hated him, he would repel her deadly insults like Atticus had taught him to, rather than absorb them. Jem increasingly reflects the personality of Atticus throughout the story. Scout notices this further on in the book when she comments, Jem was becoming almost as good as Atticus at making you feel right when things went wrong. Mrs Duboses opinion of the children was not very high. She thought of them as a disgrace and a letdown to their family. She also thought that after their mother had died Atticus had done a bad job at raising them by himself. But the childrens opinion of Mrs Dubose was no better. They thought of her as a horrid woman who was possessed with evil. However, their opinion of her did change when Atticus brought home news about her the following month. One month after Jem had finished reading to Mrs Dubose, Atticus brought home news that she had passed away. He told Jem that she was not suffering anymore. Atticus told Jem that she had been having fits because she had been trying to beat her morphine addiction before she died. Atticus said, she was going to leave this world beholden to nothing and nobody, and she did. Mrs Dubose left Jem a box containing a camellia. I think Mrs Dubose intended the camellia to represent peace between her and Jem. But Jem took at it as an insult instead and became upset. He yelled, Why cant she just leave me alone. Atticus explained to Jem about how courageous Mrs Dubose had been to beat her addiction even though she knew she wouldnt survive. He told Jem, the true meaning of courage is not a man with a gun in his hand, but when you know youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through. The children learnt about tolerance and courage in this chapter and Atticus taught them many valuable and worthwhile lessons. The ending of part one is well written. It shows Atticus explaining to Jem the real meaning of courage and why Mrs Dubose behaved like she did. Mrs Dubose was a prejudice old woman who discriminated many citizens of Maycomb County. But the fact is she still had to rely on the Negress who looked after her named Jessie. This shows how fragile Mrs Dubose really was and that she couldnt live without Jessie. But she cannot be blamed for her actions as she was in constant pain trying to beat her morphine addiction. This chapter shows the biggest change in any single chapter of the book. It includes the introducing of Mrs Dubose to the novel, a very important character, and her death in the same chapter. This part of the novel contains many mixed emotions. At the beginning it shows Jem loosing his temper with Mrs Dubose and having to go read to her. But the end of the chapter shows Jem trying to hide his emotions about Mrs Duboses death. Atticus told Jem, Mrs Dubose was the bravest person I ever knew. I believe this is true and I think she had more courage than any other character in this book. With Atticus taking the case of Tom Robinson, and having to persuade a white community that a black man is innocent, Jem and Scout would have to show the same amount of courage as Mrs Dubose did beating her morphine addiction. Chapter eleven is therefore a very important chapter introducing many important ideas and themes, which are at the heart of the novel.

3 Leadership Aspects for Successful Organizational Collaboration

Abstract Organizations across the globe make strategic alliances in the form of collaborative relationships. These alliances hinge on the fact that that organizational collaboration is synergistic in nature and thus participating organizations benefit tremendously. This research paper sought to elaborate three key aspects of leadership that are essential for success in organizational collaboration.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on 3 Leadership Aspects for Successful Organizational Collaboration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was established that success in organizational collaboration calls for leadership that exhibits authentic self-awareness, espouses effective communication, and involves partners in consultative decision-making. By so doing, the leadership can gain the trust of the other partners and understand them well, thus avoiding unnecessary conflicts in the course of the collaboration proce ss. Successful collaboration is measurable through mutual respect, understanding and trust, and open and frequent communication among partners. Organizational collaboration is thus a good concept due to its beneficial nature to organizations. Introduction In the face of stiff competition, decentralization of operations, and increasingly scarce resources, organizations across the world find it imperative to form strategic alliances. The principal focus of these alliances is to combine the strengths of different organizations so that the resultant synergy can benefit all the participants. The alliances can take many forms, but this research paper focuses on collaborative alliances. Thomson et al. (2007) define collaboration as the formal or informal interaction between autonomous or semi-autonomous entities, which lead to the joint creation of rules and structures to reign on their interaction. Vangen and Huxham (2003) posit that when two organizations form a collaborative arrangement , the resultant synergistic outcome transcends what was individually achievable by the organizations. With many organizations incorporating collaborative approaches in their operations, it is pertinent for them to understand all aspects of this relationship. This research paper thus seeks to assess the concept of organizational collaboration with the intent of elaborating on three key aspects of leadership that underpin success in organizational collaboration. A Synopsis of the Concept of Organizational Collaboration A careful consideration of the lifestyle of ancient populace reveals that they engaged in collaborative relationships both at individual and societal levels. It is not clear whether the ancient people consciously made collaborative efforts or they were compelled by circumstances to engage in collaborative arrangements.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Th e origin of the concept notwithstanding, today the concept is widely used in virtually all industries. Art, education, business, and science industries among others exhibit elements of collaboration, albeit at varying levels in their operations. The widespread use of collaboration is attributable to its beneficial nature. Competitive pressures compel organizations to want to achieve so much, but at the same time keep operational costs low. Since collaboration is possible both at inter-organizational and intra-organizational levels, it allows firms to draw from the knowledge of experienced and all round employees at all levels of operation (Van Wijk et al., 2008). Intra-organizational collaboration leads to building of social connections, which greatly minimize conflicts within the organization with the benefit of allowing employees to share knowledge and varying viewpoints and eventually choose the best among the several possible approaches. Concisely, collaboration within organizat ions or beyond grants the actors a competitive advantage that cannot be rivaled. Organizational collaboration thus has to be systematically guided through particular steps as shown in the figure below for it to succeed. A prime example of the milestones organizations can achieve through collaboration is the creation of Whitestrips, which is an innovative product that came into being through collaborative efforts of Proctor and Gamble (PG) oral care unit, its fabric care unit, and the corporate R D unit (Van Wijk et al., 2008). Proctor and Gamble brought together its oral care expertise, fabric care expertise, and film expertise to deliver a very successful product to the market. These benefits make organizational collaboration a concept that needs to be fostered and propagated since it promises much to its users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on 3 Leadership Aspects for Successful Organizational Collaboration specifically for you for only $ 16.05 $11/page Learn More Aspects of leadership necessary for successful organizational collaboration Organizations are under pressure to meet the ever-changing and increasingly sophisticated nature of customer demands in the face of a rapidly changing business landscape. This aspect compels even the traditionally conservative organizations to look towards collaboration as a viable means through which they can cost effectively achieve their development agenda. It is imperative for leaders in participating organizations to be fully acquainted with the tenets of collaboration and the challenges inherent in this kind of relationship. According to Morgan (2012), a collaborative relationship is the most complex of the possible relationships that organizations can engage in during their operations. This premise is founded on the fact that collaboration calls for acting organizations to relinquish, to a given extent, their autonomy and share what was traditionally confidenti al information with the partner(s) that may sometimes be rivals in the organization’s line of operations. In a bid to achieve successful collaborative relationships, the leadership of an organization should be vigilant in the following areas to ensure sustainable success. Authentic Self-Awareness Authentic self-awareness focuses more on the leader’s personality than the leadership style the leader chooses to adopt. However, in collaborative relationships, both personality and the leadership style adopted should synchronize to further the goals of relationship. Wilson (2013) notes that maintaining personal maturity is paramount for the leader of an organization that seeks to engage in a collaborative relationship with another organization. Its importance holds even in circumstances where an organization seeks to engage its employees in intra-organizational collaborative arrangements. At cross-boundary levels, it is imperative for leaders to exude an aura of maturity bec ause it serves to build trust in the partners. Collaborative relationships attach a lot of importance to trust and as such, any viable avenue through which it can be pursued should be adequately explored. Thomson et al. (2007) posit that trust is central to collaboration as it simplifies otherwise complex processes thereby cutting down on operational costs faster than any other process can. Cultivating trust is therefore important because it takes many resources in form of time and effort build and as such, every single element that can contribute to its development should be encouraged by every possible means. In addition to personal maturity, being modest is another important element of authentic self-awareness that is vital in achieving successful collaboration. The importance of being modest stems from the fact that leadership that espouses modesty will refrain from taking any extremist stands. Scathingly attacking anyone with a dissenting perspective on a subject under discussi on can undermine any collaborative efforts.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Van Wijk et al. (2008) posit that leadership should play a pivotal role of fostering an organizational culture that espouses good-faith dissent and values amicable conflict resolution via direct negotiation. For this goal to be conceivable, the leadership should be modest in all its dealings both within the organization and with other organizations. During brainstorming sessions, free flow of ideas from all participants is important because it yields all the possible perspectives to a given issue before the group settles for the best. Unfortunately, this scenario cannot happen in an environment where the leadership does not encourage modesty in interactions with partners. Being modest can also catalyze the trust building process notably. Active listening is another key aspect of authentic self-awareness. Listening is an important part of the communication process and success in collaboration hinges on effective communication among the participants. Effective communication eliminates any misconceptions that may develop because such misconceptions breach the trust that organizations strive to build in collaborative relationships. According to Wilson (2013), active listening is essential for understanding and distinguishing between personal and professional motives during interaction with partners. Being able to distinguish between the two is important to help put self-seeking personal motives in check and stop them from derailing collaborative relationships and it can also give a leader insight into the kind of partner they are about to engage in a collaborative relationship. This aspect helps in making informed decisions on whether to work collaboratively or not. Effective Communication Communication and openness among collaborating partners is a prerequisite to successful organizational collaboration. This assertion holds as no meaningful interaction can take place before the acting partners first agree to set aside their individual ambitions and engage one an other in open, objective, and goal-oriented discussions that go beyond seeking to extract important operational information from another party while holding back on the same information. According to Van Wijk et al. (2008), effective communication lays a foundation for breakthrough ideas, which is founded on the fact that once an ambient environment in which partners can communicate their passions without fear of criticism or contradiction has been set, partners can open up and voice their perspectives and ideas freely. The ideas can culminate into a single super idea that no partner would conceive on his or her own. Thomson et al. (2007) agree with this premise by noting that of the many studies that have been conducted on collaboration in organizations, all organizations reported beneficial results that none could envisage at the beginning of the relationship. This assertion implies that as the relationship matures, the partners develop trust in one another and open up their stren gths to each other. The leadership should ensure the effective communication leads to understanding each partner at his or her individual level. It is important for the leadership of every participating organization to understand that each organization that decides to participate in a collaborative relationship appreciates the fact that it is inadequate in some respects hence the need for collaboration (Larson, 2011). This aspect implies that each organization that engages in a collaborative relationship is unique and other partners should appreciate them as such, which is achievable if the organizations realize the importance of effective communication and openly communicate about their differences. This element calls for the leaders to be direct in their communication to eliminate chances of ambiguity or misconceptions that may arise from indirect communication. The leaders of collaborating organizations should identify and use communication channels that are suitable for their co ntext because for communication to be effective, the chosen channel of communication should deliver messages as originally constituted by the author. Consultative Decision Making The third key aspect of leadership that can ensure success in organizational collaboration is consultative decision making. Collaborative relationships yield good results for organizations that choose to make them work successfully. However, it is important to note that any organization that chooses to engage in a collaborative relationship must appreciate the fact that it cannot coerce the partner(s) into doing anything. Concisely, the process is voluntary and as such, the leadership in its efforts to cultivate a culture of collaboration within an organization or between organizations, needs to always be conscious of the fact that it can only engage other parties to the extent they are willing to be engaged. Thomson et al. (2007) note that collaboration is complex not only because organizations participate at will, but also due to the fact that conventional systems like hierarchy and standardization cannot work in a collaborative arrangement. This premise hinges on the fact that participating organizations are autonomous and semi-autonomous entities, which can only be influenced, but not directed to carry out a particular task. The leadership should be aware of this element and find ways of influencing partners into doing what is necessary to ensure success of the relationship (Vangem Huxam, 2003). The distinguishing feature of leaders who can steer collaborative arrangements to success is that they can start a team building process when everything else seems vain, as they espouse action, but achieve it through making other people see the necessity of taking the action. The decision making process should be taken through structures that have been judiciously devised to ensure that they maintain the involvement of all while at the same time integrating diverse perspectives. Any confl icts that arise in the process need to be amicably resolved before any decision is made (Larson, 2011), which helps in making it clear to the conflicting parties that any decision that is taken thereafter is not aimed at undermining any of them. In case such a scenario arises, the leadership should be vigilant to uphold transparency since it is the best way to demonstrate that decisions are taken without any bias. This move can help in propagating trust among partners. The decision making process is therefore important and needs to be treated as such. Wilson (2013) identifies five key indicators of success in organizational collaboration and posits that a successful collaboration is one in which there is mutual respect, understanding and trust, an appropriate cross section of members, open and frequent communication, and adequate funds to facilitate the collaborative process. When any collaborating organizations meet these criteria, their collaboration can be termed as successful. C onclusion Competitive pressures have compelled organizations to deliver much when they have little at their disposal. This aspect necessitated the formation of mutually beneficial strategic alliances called collaborative relationships. Studies have shown that these relationships are important since they are synergistic in nature and as such often yield breakthrough ideas which none of the individual organizations could individually conceive. Even though collaboration is beneficial to organizations, it is the most complex of relationships that can exist between organizations. Therefore, the leadership of an organization should observe certain leadership elements to collaborate with other organizations successfully. The key elements that need to be put into consideration include authentic self-awareness for the leadership, effective communication, and consultative decision making among others. Authentic self-awareness calls for leaders to exhibit personality traits that can aid their interaction with leaders from other organizations to be smooth. Communication also emerged as a key element in successful collaboration because no interaction is possible without communication. Finally, consultative decision making also emerged as being key to successful collaboration among organizations. The leadership of collaborating organizations should be conscious of these facts at all times to make their collaborative efforts a success. References Larson, D. (2011). Inter-organization Partnership and collaborative Work Tools. In K. Milhauser (Eds.), Distributed Team collaboration in Organizations’ emerging Tools and Practices (pp. 212-224). Hershey, PA: IGI Global Publishing. Morgan, J. (2012). The Collaborative Organization: A strategic Guide to solving your Business challenges using emerging Social and Collaborative tools. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Thomson, A., Perry, L., Miller T. (2007). Conceptualizing and measuring Collaboration. Journal of Public Administratio n Research and Theory, 19(1), 23-56. Vangen, S., Huxham, C. (2003). Enacting leadership for collaborative advantage: Dilemmas of Ideology and Pragmatism in the activities of Partnership Managers. British Journal of Management, 14(1), 61–76. Van Wijk, R., Jansen, J., Lyles, M. (2008). Inter and Intra-organizational knowledge transfer: A Meta-analytic Review and Assessment of its Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Management Studies, 45(4), 830-853. Wilson, C. (2013). Leadership, Collaboration, and Veterans-related Nonprofit Organizations. Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(1), 48–53. This research paper on 3 Leadership Aspects for Successful Organizational Collaboration was written and submitted by user Violet D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

ANWR Oil Drilling essays

ANWR Oil Drilling essays Destruction of the Environment or Over-Zealous Conservation? With the 2000 Presidential election looming and both candidates in a near deadlock, Al Gore and George W. Bush have been forced to take stands on some very tough issues that affect the lives of everyday Americans. One of these decisions is what to do about the recent escalating crude oil prices. Many people believe that the candidates should promise to open up the strategic crude oil reserve until the prices stabilize. Others believe that the candidates should promise to negotiate with members of the OPEC bloc in an effort to stabilize prices. Many others believe that the candidates should look within the country, and begin oil drilling in untapped regions of the country such as Alaska. There are several benefits to opening additional wells in the Alaskan region, such as new jobs for American workers, cheaper crude oil, and less dependency upon an often unstable Middle Eastern region. These people believe that because there are already wells drilled in Alaskan regions with sim ilar environmental conditions as the region in question, that there will be no harmful affects to begin drilling. Obviously there are many dissenters of this opinion who believe that by drilling in regions such as Alaska, we risk environmental disasters such as the Exxon Valdez, regardless if we drill in the ocean, or if we drill on land. These people believe that by drilling on land, we will destroy the permafrost that the oil derricks will be set upon permanently as well as well as risk the overall contamination of the environment. If we decide to drill into the ocean floor, we risk the chance of an oil pipe bursting, and risk an environmental disaster even worse than the Exxon Valdez incident. In addition, there are also several solutions to the increase in crude oil prices that do not involve risking the environmental region of Alaska. The area primarily in question regarding oil dr...

Kosovo Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kosovo Independence - Essay Example Social order and political progress in most societies emerge from the interplay of the way social institutions are managed and run, as well as its overall relation with social forces. As a result, most societies become victims of social and political conflict when social institutions fail per se to regulate the social behaviors of diverse population and interest groups (Raeder p.1). Kosovo gained independence in 2008 when major international states recognized and ratified its charter for statehood. The culmination of Kosovo independence came about after witnessing one of the worst political conflicts that disintegrated the larger Yugoslavian nation. The post-independence Kosovo has become of great interest to many political analysts who in various capacities evaluates the interplay of social and political forces, together with their ability to motivate conflict in the society. Therefore, it is important to evaluate post-Kosovo independence within the major social and political stages proposed in Edmund Burke theory. Stage 2: Society becomes divided by the change (Independence) Kosovo has various political parties, but the two leading parties are the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDP) and the Democratic League of Kosovo, with former being the largest and newest, which also reigns in the country, and the latter being the second largest party and the oldest party in the country. These two parties are predominantly composed and supported by the Albanians, with the Serbians, who are the second largest community being represented by the Independent Liberal party. Independence is associated with changes that political leaders and other interest groups envision for the new society. On large scale and even smaller, the independence changes may be the source of discontent and subsequently some people, groups, and civil society may be opposed to the new changes. Edmund Burke observes that society in this stage manifest some level of discontent that eventually results into social, political, and cultural divisions. As a result, the people together with discontent groups may become vocal in speaking against the changes proposed or carried out by the new power and this form of opposition may be in words or violence. Immediately after Kosovo was declared independent in 2008, internal discontent and discomfort between two major ethnics Serbs and Albanians emerged, which led to violent incidents in the Northern Mitrovica in December 2008 (Notholt p.33). Despite this independence, the two communities have always been in conflict, with the Serbs feeling ill-treated by the majority Albanians to an extent that they have always advocated for separation of the assembly among ethnic lines. The violence continued up to the first few weeks of 2009. At the same time, during April 2009, there was ethnic conflict between Serbs and Albanians again this time due to returning Albanians families to their homes in North Mitrovica. The gravity and intensity of these violent protests were eased by the intervention of Kosovar police and KFOR troops after a few days. What surveys have revealed is that in the larger Kosovar state, there is still dissatisfaction among the population about the economic, social and political progress (Eifler and Seifert p.157) and the blame of the population has shifted from UNMIK to the Kosovo government. People see the government as doing little to rectify and make their life better. In post-independence period, Kosovo cannot be described to have succumbed to this stage of independence and conflict as proposed by Edmund Burke. What can be said is that social, economic, and political divisions in the country have to be addressed through restructuring of economic, social, and political aspects that are framed on an inclusive

Investigation of the impact of recruitment and selection strategies Term Paper

Investigation of the impact of recruitment and selection strategies and criteria over the organizational performance - Term Paper Example The findings of this study demonstrated profound support for the model that signifies that the HR policies are positively and directly related to the overall performance of the bank along with having a statistically strong impact over it since R square has been found to be equal to 70.2 percent. The evaluation of various cross sectional studies further revealed that the participation of the employees in the process of decision making has the most significant impact of the HR policies over the performance of the organization. However, this is not being implemented extensively. This may be due to nature of the jobs in the banks that are generally risky, critical and systematic or because of the cultural behavior discouraging the participation of the employees in the process of decision making. This study, toward its end, recommended that the Masraf Al-Rayyan Bank, in particular, as well as the other banks operating in Qatar should emphasize more over the training and development strate gy for developing the skills, knowledge and capabilities of the employees. Particularly, they should pay more attention on the structure and content of the appropriate training and development programs. Atlas, it was suggested that any research in the future will aim to investigate the issues encountered during the implementation of the desired HR policies in Banks and other organizations in Qatar as well as in other Arab countries. Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 1.Introduction 2 2.The Problem of this Research 4 3.Objectives of the Study 6 4. Design of the Study 6 5.The Data Population and Data Sample of the Study 7 6.Data Collection Methods 8 7.Literature Review 8 8.Research Model 16 a.Independent variables: 17 b.Dependent Variables 18 9.Research Design 19 10.Hypotheses of the Study 19 11.Research Validity 20 12.Research Reliability 20 13.Methodology 21 Research Approach 21 14.Factor Analysis 21 15.Hypotheses Testing 22 16.Analysis and Discussion 24 17.Recommendations 25 Ref erences 26 APPENDIX 31 1. Introduction The world of business has been extensively affected by the globalization as it has now turned into an intricate set of networks and inter-links having the objective to enhance the performance of an organization operating under a specific system. In many bureaucratic organizations, the employee position is indicated and arranged in a hierarchical manner. Due to this, the bureaucratic theory was brought in to existence in the nineteenth century by Max Weber. The concept behind the bureaucratic theory was to help the organizations in becoming more efficient and to be based upon legitimate authority and logic. In the period of 1920’s, the concentration shifted on the human element of the workplace that was considered as significantly affecting the management perspectives. The Hawthorne study is one these human approaches that was carried out in 1924 at the Western Electric Company. The Hawthorne study proposed that the productivity of the em ployees can be easily increased by treating them in a positive manner. Also, that study emphasized over the aspect of human interactions in the workplace. The theory of human needs by Maslow also included the human-based approaches. Maslow organized these requirements in a hierarchical manner in accordance to significance and priority. Maslow put the physiological requirement of the people that included food, water, etc. at the bottom level of the hierarchical pyramid. Then comes the safety

How Does a Cookie Work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

How Does a Cookie Work - Assignment Example Sometimes, the websites also update the cookies in order to customize the site according to the preference of the users. For example, a user visiting eBay might be shown with a range of fitness equipment if he has searched for such equipment in the past. The sight might also welcome the user by name while recommending fitness equipment. Another example of a website which tracks through cookies is DoubleClick. This site develops a repertory of the user by tracking online behavior and purchases. However, the user’s names and addresses cannot be directly obtained from cookies. These can be obtained only if the user has registered himself on the website by giving personal information. Data from cookies and other analysis tools can be used by the online sites to track a visitor. Moreover, this data can be combined with other data collection methods such as offline surveys to build a user’s profile. The cookie text files are embedded on the hard disk of the visitor. When the user returns, tracking ID of the visitor is requested from the cookie and the data stored on the websites’ servers is accessed. In this way, the customized data can be shown to the visitor. All these technology advancements come with some moral implications. The cookies, in particular, are used by the websites to formulate electronic dossier of the visitors with complete information regarding their purchasing habits and online surfing behavior. This is called profiling. For example, DoubleClick offers its partners detailed information or profile of its visitors so that other websites can target customers with appropriate ad contents. Similarly, credit card purchases by the customers can make it possible for the companies to gain access to private or personal information of the visitors raising privacy concerns.

Consumer Expectations Before and After Purchase

Consumer Expectations Before and After Purchase Introduction: Background to research: Until recently, consumer behaviourists had many theories of satisfaction. Rather, a post decision phenomenon known as cognitive dissonance (Festinger1957) was thought to provide a sufficient framework for understanding post purchase responses. Researchers later expanded the theories more recent theoretical and empirical works (Andreasen 1977; Day 1977; Oliver 1977) generally agree that satisfaction results from a subjective comparison of the expected and received product attribute levels, as originally proposed by (Engel 1968), but that the exact nature of satisfaction process is unknown. In addition psychological concept remains in dispute. Why the customer would seek out one -and only one-branded object or brand set to fulfil his or her needs? This is the pertinent question because the present era of global competition seemingly would enable the customer to move to better alternatives as soon as they materialised. Product improvements, refinements, and innovations are new product introductions are predicted. (See cooper 1993,p.4).Satisfaction research has been â€Å"king† spawned by the widespread adoption of the marketing concept, efforts to align marketing strategy with the goal of maximizing customer satisfaction have been pursued in earnest by the product and service providers (post purchase research 1993 wylie, p.1).( Richard L Oliver journal of marketing; 1999; 63, p. 33) Context of research: The purpose of Research: 1. The purpose of this study is to balance service quality and product quality into an integrated model. 2. The management of the company can make different strategies to make the customers satisfied to full extent. 3. The outcomes of the research helps the top level managers to make their strategies in production and servicing for their products for the new and existing customers. 4. To explore the effects of the three consumer perceptions (product quality, service quality and price fairness) on satisfaction and loyal behaviour. Automobile industry maintenance service is chosen as an examined object because both â€Å"technicians, skills and parts† quality are essential to consumers. Perceived quality: As stated by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1985), quality has been a complex but vague construct which demands further investigation for the industries to highlight product and service quality as satisfaction management. It should be defined as the consumers judgement about a products overall excellence or superiority. Consumer product perceived quality is positively related to consumer loyalty. Perceived service quality: Parsuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry established the five-gap model in 1985, which established the structure and measurement of the methods to measure service quality and consumer satisfaction were basically the same, with both based on comparisons of expectation and performance. Perceived service quality is positively related to customer satisfaction. (Journal of consumer satisfaction, dissatisfaction and complaining behaviour; 2001; 14, p 125) (Parsuraman Zeithaml, and Berry, vol 52 April 1988, p39) they indicate that consumers quality perceptions are influenced by a series of four distinct gaps occurring in organisations. The gaps on service providers side, which can impede delivery of services that consumers perceive to be of high quality, are: 1. Difference between consumer expectations and management perceptions of consumer expectations. 2. Difference between management perceptions of consumer expectations and service quality specifications. 3. Difference between service quality specifications and the service actually delivered. 4. Difference between service delivery and what is communicated about the service to consumers. The mangers of service providers need to know how to measure the service quality, and whether consumers actually purchase from the firms that have the highest level of perceived service quality or from those with which they are most â€Å"satisfied.† (Cronin, j.joseph, jr July 1992.) Expected outcomes: The aim of the proposed research is to: Develop an attractive environment in the dealers service station. Develop a good media and communication in solving the queries of the customers. The actual response of satisfaction from the customers on the company products and services. LITERATURE REVIEW: Executive summary: All marketers need to be aware of the effect of globalization, technology, and deregulation. Rather than try to satisfy everyone, marketers start with market segmentation and develop a market offering that is positioned in the minds of the target market. To satisfy the target markets needs, wants, and demands, marketers create a Product, one of the 10 types of entities (goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, properties, organizations, information, and ideas). Marketers must search hard for the core need they are trying to satisfy, remembering that their products will be successful only if they deliver value (the ratio of benefits and costs) to customers. Every marketing exchange requires at least two parties—both with something valued by the other party, both capable of communication and delivery, both free to accept or reject the offer, and both finding it appropriate or desirable to deal with the other. One agreement to exchange constitutes a transaction, part of the larger idea of relationship marketing. Through relationship marketing, organizations aim to build enduring, mutually satisfying bonds with customers and other key parties to earn and Retain their long-term business. Reaching out to a target market entails communication channels, distribution channels, and selling channels. The supply chain, which stretches from raw materials to the final products for final buyers, represents a value delivery system. Marketers can capture more of the supply chain value by acquiring competitors or expanding upstream or downstream. In the marketing environment, marketers face brand, industry, form, and generic competition. The marketing environment can be divided into the task environment (the immediate actors in producing, distributing, and promoting the product offering) and the broad environment (forces in the demographic, economic, natural, technological, political-legal, and social-cultural environment). To succeed, marketers must pay close attention to the trends and developments in these environments and make timely adjustments to their marketing strategies. Within these environments, Marketers apply the marketing mix—the set of marketing tools used to pursue marketing objectives in the target market. The marketing mix consists of the four Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. Companies can adopt one of five orientations toward the marketplace. The production concept assumes that consumers want widely available, affordable products; the product concept assumes that consumer want products with the most quality, performance, or innovative features; the selling concept assumes that customers will not buy enough products without an aggressive selling and promotion effort; the marketing concept assumes the firm must be better than competitors in creating, delivering, and communicating customer value to its chosen target markets; and the societal marketing concept assumes that the firm must satisfy customers more effectively and efficiently than competitors while still preserving the consumers and the societys wellbeing. Keeping this concept in mind, smart companies will add â€Å"higher order† image attributes to supplement both rational and emotional benefits. The combination of technology, globalization, and deregulation is influencing customers, brand manufacturers, and store-based retailers in a variety of ways. Responding to the changes and new demands brought on by these forces has caused many companies to make adjustments. In turn, savvy marketers must also alter their marketing activities, tools, and approaches to keep pace with the changes they will face today and tomorrow. Receiving service: The convenience of receiving service is presumably lowest when a customer has to come to the service organisation and must use specific outlet. Offering service through several outlets increases the convenience of access for customers but many start to raise problems of quality control as convenience of access relates to the consistency of the service product delivered. For some type of services the companies come to customer. This is, of course, essential when the target of the service is some immovable physical item (such as a building that needs repairs or pest control treatment, or a garden that needs land-scaping). But since its usually more expensive to take service personnel and equipment to the customer than vice versa, the trend has been away from this approach to delivering consumer services. The key to generating high customer loyalty is to deliver high customer value. A companys value proposition is much more than its positioning on a single attribute. Most of the successful companies are raising expectations and delivering performances to match. These companies are aiming for TCS Total Customer Satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is both a goal and a marketing tool. Companies that achieve high customer satisfaction ratings make sure that their target market is known. After sales support management system is apart of ERP Enterprise Resource Planning solution dealing with the support module after the sales of product. It creates an advanced environment to the organization, which are in to technical support after sales e.g. Companies offering electronic goods and motor vehicles etc. The functional features include: Customer complaints tracking Service engineers information tracking Job scheduling for the complaints Spares management Online support Reports. Customer complaints tracking: Complaint is the starting point of any technical support system. With out a client request the technical support is not initiated. Complaint tracking is done as follows: Client may come down or make a phone call or complaint online The client is validated. The client may have an annual maintenance contract or may have a product in warranty or of warranty. The intensity of the complaint is to be estimated to allocate resources. Expected service type has to be finalized. It may be online assistance indoor or onsite assistance. Service Engineers Information tracking: Information about the engineers is inevitable in job scheduling. Information about the engineers has to be added, deleted or modified in the database. It may contain the following: The name, id of the engineer; the skill set of the engineer; the status of the engineer. Job scheduling for the complaints: Job scheduling means sequencing the request with respect to its intensity, Assignment of a service engineer and creating a job card. It is done to optimize the technical resources and to render the best service to the customer. Minor problem are processed by technicians and complex requests are handled by the expert team. The job card includes the following: The complaint id, the assigned engineer id, the data and time of service, the spare details, no. of man hours required etc. The spare part name and serial number. The available quantity of each spare part. The prize, warranty and other specifications. The suppliers information. Online support: The service is done online also. The client may visit the website to obtain basic support information about the product and FAQ. He can chat with the service engineer on phone or online. Report: The report reflects the current status of the system. The reports that can be generated are as follows: Customer request report and status of the system. Service engineer report provides the information about the skills and strengths of the support team. Job scheduling report states the allotment of the engineers to jobs. Spares report discloses the availability of all the spares in the system. Receipts and payments report gives information about the cash flow in the System, generation of bills: Customer satisfaction tracking: Customer satisfaction is the key concept to dictate the future of the organization. In order to maximize the customer satisfaction along with quick response and efficient service some other activities are to be performed. They may be as follows: Reception of the customer with hospitality. Entertaining environment to the customer. Providing guidance about the usage and maintenance of the product. Offering gift and discounts. Toyota company profile and Feedback and Control: As it implements its strategy, the firm needs to track the results and monitor new developments in the internal and external environments. Some environments are fairly stable from year to year. Other environments evolve slowly in a fairly predictable way. Still other environments change rapidly in significant and unpredictable ways. Nonetheless, the company can count on one thing: The marketplace will change. And when it does, the company will Need to review and revise its implementation, programs, strategies, or even objectives. A companys strategic fit with the environment will inevitably erode because the market environment changes faster than the companys 7-Ss. Thus a company might remain efficient while it loses effectiveness. Peter Drucker pointed out that it is more important to â€Å"do the right thing† (effectiveness) than â€Å"to do things right† (efficiency). The most successful companies excel at both. Once an organization fails to respond to a changed environment, it has difficulty recapturing its lost position. This happened to the once-unassailable Motorola when it was slow to respond to the new digital technology used by Nokia and others, and kept rolling out analogue phones.17 Similarly, Barnes Noble did not immediately recognize the threat posed by Amazon. COMs Internet-based book retailing model; then, as a latecomer to e-commerce, it had more of a struggle establishing itself. Clearly, the key to organizational health is the firms willingness to examine the changing environment and to adopt appropriate new goals and behaviours. High-performance organizations continuously monitor the environment and use flexible strategic planning to maintain a viable fit with the evolving environment. Toyota Motor Corporation, Japans #1 carmaker, has a driving ambition to become greener. The company makes a hybrid-powered (gas and electric) sedan the Prius that isbeing snapped up in US and European markets. Its gas-powered cars, pickups, minivans, and SUVs include such models as Camry,Corolla, 4Runner,Land Cruiser, Sienna, the luxury Lexus line, the new Scion brand, and a full-sized pickup truck, the V-8 Tundra. Toyota also makes forklifts and manufactured housing, and offers consumer financial services. Once a dark horse in the global automotive game, Toyota has begun to close the gap on General Motors and DaimlerChrysler, and has already passed Ford Motor. While most of its North American and European competitors are contracting their operations due to falling demand and overcapacity, Toyota is growing to meet increased global demand. The company has an expressed plan of gaining a global 10% share of the automotive market by the early 2010s. To do this, Toyota feels it must build the cars where, or very near where, they will be bought. To this end Toyota opened new vehicle plants in the Czech Republic in 2005 and is scheduled to open its 11th US plant in San Antonio, Texas in 2006. The greatest focus of Toyotas overseas strategy is currently in China, a country that is expected to become the second-largest car market (behind the US) by 2010. By that year Toyota wants to have a 10% market share in China. Like its competitors, Toyota is beefing up its Chinese operations by joining forces with local automotive players. With its Chinese partner China FAW Group Corporation, Toyota builds Land Cruisers and Corollas in China. Through another agreement with Guangzhou Automobile Group, Toyota began jointly developing engines in 2005. Also in association with Guangzhou Automobile, in 2006 the first Chinese-built Camry rolled off the assembly line in Nansha near Hong Kong. The Camry is the best-selling car in the US and has been a leading import in China. The Chinese-built Camrys are priced to move in an effort to quickly boost Toyotas market share. Late in 2006 Toyota fired a salvo over the deck of GM when it said it aimed to build 9.8 million vehicles by 2008. GM sold 9 .2 million vehicles in 2005 the second-largest volume the company has ever produced in a single year. The announcement came at a time when GM and its equally bedraggled US counterpart Ford are desperately trimming capacity to stay competitive. Toyota out-built Ford back in 2003 and now has GM in its sights. While growing its worldwide production base; Toyota has committed itself to leading the charge toward the development of more efficient, environmentally friendly vehicles, primarily powered by hybrid gasoline-electric technology. Toyotas global production of hybrids in 2005 totalled 151,000 units, or two-and-one-half times production levels of the previous fiscal year. Toyotas hybrid plans going forward are even more ambitious. The company says it wants to build one million hybrids by the early 2010s. In addition to the Prius, Toyota currently offers hybrid versions of the Highlander SUV and the venerable Camry. Late in 2006 Toyota bought a 5.9% stake in Isuzu Motors. The two companies plan to cooperate on engine technologies with Isuzu concentrating on small diesel engines and diesel emission controls while Toyota will focus on environmental improvements for gasoline engines and alternative fuels. The move marks the second time in as many years that Toyota has taken advantage of a broken GM alliance with a Japanese partner. Toyota bought an 8.7% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries from GM in 2005. History In 1926 Sakichi Toyoda founded Toyoda Automatic Loom Works. In 1930 he sold the rights to the loom he invented and gave the proceeds to his son Kiichiro Toyoda to begin an automotive business. Kiichiro opened an auto shop within the loom works in 1933. When protectionist legislation (1936) improved prospects for Japanese automakers, Kiichiro split off the car department, took it public (1937), and changed its name to Toyota. During WWII the company made military trucks, but financial problems after the war caused Toyota to reorganize in 1950. Its post war commitment to RD paid off with the launch of the four-wheel-drive Land Cruiser (1951); full-sized Crown (1955); and the small Corona (1957). Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., debuted the Toyopet Crown in the US in 1957, but it proved underpowered for the US market. Toyota had better luck with the Corona in 1965 and with the Corolla (which became the best-selling car of all time) in 1968. By 1970 Toyota was the worlds fourth-largest carmaker. Toyota expanded rapidly in the US. During the 1970s the oil crisis caused demand for fuel-efficient cars, and Toyota was there to grab market share from US makers. In 1975 Toyota displaced Volkswagen as the USs #1 auto importer. Toyota began auto production in the US in 1984 through NUMMI, its joint venture with GM. The Lexus line was launched in the US in 1989 Because of the European Communitys restrictions on Japanese auto imports until the year 2000, Toyotas European expansion slowed. Toyota responded in 1992 by agreeing to distribute cars in Japan for Volkswagen and also by establishing an engine plant (later moved to full auto production) in the UK. The sport utility vehicle (SUV) mania of the 1990s spurred Toyotas introduction of luxury minivans and light trucks. Hiroshi Okuda, a 40-year veteran with Toyota and the first person from outside the Toyoda family to run the firm, succeeded Tatsuro Toyoda as president in 1995. The next year Toyota consolidated its North American production units into Cincinnati-based Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America. In 1997 Toyota introduced the Prius, a hybrid electric- and gas-powered car. The next year Toyota boosted its stake in affiliate Daihatsu (mini-vehicles) to about 51% and started Toyota Map master (51%owned), to Make map databases for car navigation systems. Okuda became chairman in 1999, replacing Shoichiro Toyota, and Fujio Cho became president. Also that year Toyota agreed to form a joint venture with Isuzu to manufacture buses, and it announced plans to invest $800 million to boost US auto production by 16% (200,000 vehicles) to about 1.45 million. In 2000 Toyota launched the Will VI, a sedan aimed at young people. It announced that it was building an online replacement parts marketplace with i2 Technology and that it had formed a financial services company (Toyota Financial Service) and a brokerage firm (Toyota Financial Services Securities Corp.). Toyota also bought a 5% stake in Yamaha (the worlds #2 motorcycle maker) and raised its stake in truck maker Hino Motors from about 20% to almost 34%. International developments included Toyotas agreement with the Chinese government to produce passenger cars for sale in China. The cars are to be built by Tianjin Toyota Motor Corp., a joint venture between Chinese carmaker Tianjin Automobile Xiali and Toyota. Early in 2001 Toyota opened a new plant in France. Later that year the company formed an agreement with PSA Peugeot Citroà «n to begin joint car production in Europe (production began in 2005). Toyota also increased its stake in Hino Motors to 50% with partners Toyoda Gosei, Ltd. and Horie Metal Co., Ltd., Toyota formed a joint venture in 2002 to manufacture resin fuel tank systems. In 2004 Toyota announced that it would establish 14 Lexus dealerships in China; the dealers were all open by mid-2005. Later in 2004 Toyota forged a joint venture agreement with Guangzhou Automobile Group Co., Ltd. to build engines in China In 2005 Toyota bought just fewer than 9% of General Motors 20% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries the Japanese maker of Subaru passenger vehicles. Satisfaction as defined: The satisfaction was â€Å"the buyers cognitive state of being adequately rewarded for the sacrifice he has undergone† (Howard and Sheth 1969, p.145). Hunt (1997b) summarised the feelings of a number of speakers at the first consumer satisfaction conference among the definitions offered were need fulfilment, pleasure/displeasure, expectation-performance interactions, evaluation of the purchase or Consumption experience, evaluation of the benefits of consumption, comparison of actual with ideal outcomes, and the Attribute â€Å"deficit/ surplus† obtained from the purchase. On the basis of the diverse views, Hunt concluded that satisfaction is an evaluation rendered that the product experience was at least as good as it was supposed to be,† in effect an â€Å"evaluation of an emotion†(pp.459-460). Satisfaction may be best understood as an evaluation of the surprise inherent in a product acquisition and/or consumption experience. In essence, it is the summary psychological state resulting when the emotion surrounding disconfirmed expectations is coupled with the consumers prior feelings about the consumption experience. (Richard L. Oliver.) When you visit your favourite restaurant, you expect to have a nice meal. That positive expectation, in itself, is a form of satisfaction. We call it anticipation-satisfaction. When the host sees you and remembers your name, thats recognition-satisfaction. Of course, once youve had that tasty, filling meal, and you feel a warm glow, that outcome is also a satisfaction. Its called need-satisfaction. What happens when youre so pleased with a restaurant that you go out of your way to rave about it to your friends? Thats referral or recommendation-satisfaction. And when the restaurant manager says, â€Å"Come again,† and you reply, â€Å"You can bet on it!† youve expressed a recommitment, or what we call, pledge-satisfaction. What happens when the owner gives you a free dessert just for being a great patron, and youre surprised and delighted about it? Thats what we refer to as surprise-satisfaction. Seeing and being seen in a trendy eatery confers an additional perk: status -satisfaction. As you can see, dining out can lead to several forms of customer satisfaction, and I havent listed half of them. Whatever our business is, we need to know whether were serving our customers as capably as we can, so which satisfaction definitions and measures should we use? Defining customer satisfaction is a very important undertaking—one that even the most customer-focused companies, fail to do. If we dont define it carefully, how can we monitor and measure it, let alone produce it on a consistent and reliable basis? If you ask most business owners how they define satisfaction, sooner or later theyll mention repeat business. Theyll ask, do customers come back and buy again? This is retention-satisfaction. Retention-satisfaction is especially significant because it can be rather easily monitored, and it can be measured in dollars and cents. But it isnt foolproof. This article entitled, â€Å"Just Because They Buy Again Doesnt Mean Theyre Satisfied.† I pointed out that clients might feel they have no other viable choice than to buy from you. Cable television customers used to fit this profile before they could sign-up for satellite-television. Customer service departments are known to track dissatisfaction more than satisfaction. Theyll carefully note every angry letter that comes in the mail, believing that there are perhaps 50 or 100 people who feel the same way, but who didnt bother to write. Paying attention to letters is fine, but the inferences we make about how many silent customers they represent, is little more than a wild hunch. Moreover, service providers shouldnt infer that the absence of angry letters implies the presence of happy customers. Instead of counting letters, Id rather monitor and interpret customer satisfaction behaviours as they occur. The best time to do this is when service transactions conclude. Why wait days or weeks to receive a letter, which only one-in-ten thousand people might write? When you monitor actual transactions, you can tap into a large, continuous universe of customers that is much more representative of feelings-at-large. For instance, we monitor and measure at least three customer behaviours: (1) Their voice inflections; (2) The language they use to express gratitude; and (3) Their pledges to do additional business after being subtly cued to indicate this intention.(To learn more about this system, please refer to my book, Monitoring, Measuring, Managing Customer Service: Jossey-Bass/JohnWiley:2000). How do you measure customer satisfaction? Is it connected to real customer value? When was the last time you seriously explored alternatives? By taking a fresh look at these questions you can create true breakthroughs. You can systematically deliver todays satisfactions while inventing tomorrow Market Definition: The automotive aftermarket is valued according to the retail selling price (RSP), including taxes, of service parts, wear tear parts, mechanical parts, tires, crash repair and consumables accessories. Service parts include filters, wiper blades, ignition plugs and engine oil components. Wear tear Parts include batteries, emission systems, brake pads discs and ride control. Mechanical parts are defined as those parts which are neither changed as part of a service are considered to be wear tear parts. These include transmission and power train parts. Crash repair includes body parts, lighting, glass, paint and solvents. Consumables include cleaners, waxes, polishes, windscreen washes and antifreeze. Accessories include in-car entertainment, alarms security, alloy wheels, storage, interiors (mats etc.) and exteriors (spoilers etc.). Labour charges and wholesale-related revenues are not included. The data only relates to the market for the repair of light vehicles (cars light commercial vehicles of up to 3.5 tonnes in weight). Any currency conversions used in the creation of this report have been calculated using constant 2004 annual average exchange rates. Market analysis: The European auto aftermarket sector reported disappointing results for 2001-2005.Annual growth remained marginal at the outset of the review period in 2002-2003, before entering a decline that is expected to last until the end of 2010.The European auto aftermarket generated total revenues of $89.7 billion in 2005, representing a compound annual rate of change (CARC) of -0.2% for the five-year period spanning 2001-2005. The slump in the market was primarily driven by decline in the German, UK and French markets. Positive growth was exhibited by the Spanish and Italian markets. Sales of mechanical parts form the leading segment in the market, generating total revenues of $27.9 billion in 2005, equivalent to 31.1% of the overall market value. In comparison, the crash repair sector was worth $19 billion, which represented a 21.1% share of the markets value. Looking forward, the European auto aftermarket is expected to decelerate from its current value growth position. With an anticipate d CARC of -0.5% over the 2005-2010 periods, the market is expected to reach a value of $87.5 billion by the end of 2010. Further decline in the French and German markets will act to undermine total revenue for the region; however, the UK market is expected to recover. Competitive landscape: In 2002, the German-based Volkswagen had the largest market share in Europe, with18.4%of new registrations. However, this was almost half a point lower than in the previous year. The company managed to keep revenues and operating costs stable over the period despite lower sales, due to price increases above inflation as well as cost-cutting measures. PSA Peugeot Citroà «n is close behind Volkswagen, and increased its market share by more than half a point in 2002. Indeed, in 2002 the Peugeot 206 overtook the VW Golf as the best-selling car in Europe. The market is highly competitive at the top end, PSA are only than three points ahead of Ford, a company which could well bounce back if its cost-cutting measures fulfil their initial promise. For all three companies, the necessity is to keep on churning out bright and successful new models, and PSA currently looks like it has the edge in terms of technology and design. Below these three companies, Renault, GM and Fiat have been loosing market share, or in Renaults case hanging on to what they have with only a thread. Fiat has suffered from flooding in one of its main parts factories, which has further set back the already beleaguered Italian car maker, but the company has not yet released details of its long-term recovery plans, if it has any. Despite the openness of European car markets, national loyalty still plays a great influence. In France, PSA and Renault lead, whereas in Germany, Italy and Spain, Volkswagen, Fiat and Seat respectively have strong positions. The smaller count ries in Europe provide an exception to this rule, as Belgium and the Netherlands have no substantial car manufacturers of their own but instead act as distribution hubs for other countries. The UK market is led by the large American companies, which cynics may say illustrates where its loyalties lie. Leadin

swazi :: essays papers

swazi The Swazi of Swaziland Introduction Swazi’s are said to belong to the Nguni people who lived in central Africa and migrated to southern Africa. They speak the Siswati language , a language earlier spoken by the Nguni group of the Bantu family. They seem to have settle in Swaziland around five hundred years ago. They were then ruled by the British from the mid 19th century to mid 20th century. Swaziland is a monarchy and is ruled by King Mswati III. Social Organization The social organization in the Swazi’s is like any other African tribe. The homestead is the economic and domestic unit of the family. It is headed by the Umnumza or headman who is in charge of the family which includes his wives and children. Sons will bring there wives to the homestead and setup home within it while the daughters move to their in-laws. The occupants who reside in the homestead can also be distant relatives or non dependents. Therefore the number of people for whom the headman is responsible economically ,legally and by ritual may vary according his status and wealth. A wealthy headman may have many wives therefore he has a large number of people he is responsible for. The headman usually would subdivide the large homestead in order to gain access to larger tracts of cultivable land or divide quarrelsome wives . The homestead is planned according to the relationships between its inhabitants . Usually in the center of the homestead is the cattle pen and grain storage units, which are underground flask shaped pits. Women are not allowed access to theses places. The living quarters are grouped in a semicircle with the indlunkuku ( great hut) which is home to the most important woman in the homestead , the mother of the headman. If she is dead then a substitute mother is appointed. On the sides are the quarters of the wives ,each with her own sleeping ,cooking and storage huts and enclosed with a reed fence for protection against `wind . The ranking of wives is not rigid but it depends on the headman and his preference of wives. the clear demarkation of the wives huts and the fact that each of them own their own garden land and cattle does not erase the fact that the headman’s mother’s house is supreme.