Physical Chemistry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Physical Chemistry - Lab Report Example Chemical electronic transitions that are usually induced through the absorption of visible light spectrum result in excited state molecules. In the process energy is absorbed, dissipated or both. The absorbed energy must be released to return the excited species back to the original ground state. Typically, on absorption of light at their absorption maxima, dye molecules exhibit long excited state lifetimes and emit radiation at longer wavelengths (fluorescence or phosphorescence). The excited state of the luminescent dye can be quenched by an energy transfer mechanism upon collision with oxygen molecules [1] As a result, the intensity of luminescence is reduced along with the lifetime and the degree of quenching is proportional to the oxygen concentration. Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an optical oxygen sensor. The active components of the sensor are the luminescent dye encapsulated in a polymer medium, a light source (commonly a LED or laser) for exciting the dye at a particular wavelength, (550–800 nm) [2], a photodiode to detect the fluorescent radiation and an optical fiber for the transmission of light. The quenching of the luminescence can be characterized by the Stern-Volmer eqn. [3] Figure 1 Schematics of an optical oxygen sensor. (1) Gas or liquid path, (2) Lumophore dispersed on oxygen permeable membrane, (3) lens and filter, (4) exciting radiation, (5) fluorescent radiation, (6) optical fiber, (7) LED/Laser, (8) photodiode, and (9) display In a typical ground electronic state is a singlet (all electrons paired). Electronic excitation results in an excited state singlet that may undergo internal conversion to a triplet state. Due to the forbidden nature of a triplet singlet transition, the triplet state may exist for a substantial length of time. The emission from this state is known as the phosphorescence. Fluorescence refers to the emission from

Comparison of Fall of Man and Hamlet Essay -- comparison compare contr

Comparison of Fall of Man and Hamlet The medieval traditions shown in the "Fall of Man" were very apparent in Shakespeare's play, Hamlet. It is not known whether or not Shakespeare ever read the "Fall of Man", and it does not matter, for the effects and influence of the â€Å"Fall of Man† on Shakespeare's writing is very obvious when the plots of both stories are examined. Both are written in archaic form, as well as with a very strict rhyme scheme. â€Å"The Fall of Man† is a tragedy, the same as Hamlet. The reaches of the medieval writings grasp deep into Shakespeare's characters, with common characteristics shared between the characters in â€Å"The Fall of Man† and Hamlet. Even further, Shakespeare's audience would have had to have been very fluent in the language of medieval plays, for there are many references in Hamlet, to plays and mythology of a much earlier date. The style of writing used in "The Fall of Man† is very similar to that used by Shakespeare in Hamlet. This is a sign that medieval plays and literature was an influence on Shakespeare's writing. In "The Fall of Man" the common amount of syllables per line is eight. â€Å"That moffes me mikill in my minde:†[line 2] or â€Å"I knawe it wele, this was His skille†[line 46], these are both examples from â€Å"The Fall of Man†. The breaks in this pattern are quite often put there for emphasis on a line, word or point trying to be made. Shakespeare also has a common amount of syllables, ten per line, with a break in pattern for emphasizes, for example: â€Å"He hath, my lord, wrung from me my slow leave†[I, II, 61], or ... ...ife- rend'ring pelican†[IV, V, 160] which is a reference to the Elizabethan belief that pelican fed their young by tearing skin off their breast to feed them. With this knowledge that may have been common to them, they received an insight that is not available to readers of today. Shakespeare's writings are obviously deeply impacted by the older literature and plays. This becomes obvious when the technique and story lines of "The Fall of Man" and Hamlet are compared. The two are very similar. With the similarities between the older â€Å"Fall of Man† and Hamlet, it becomes inevitable that for Shakespeare's plays to have been so famous and popular, his audience must have had the same understanding of medieval writings, such as â€Å"The Fall of Man†, as Shakespeare himself did.

Understanding the US Homeland Security

On June 2002, President George Bush proposed to create the Department of Homeland Security – a move considered to be the most significant transformation of the US government whereby a single department has been tasked to protect America’s homeland from terrorist attacks. As noted in the Department’s website, the vision of the organization is to preserve the freedom of the United States and its homeland. Its mission is to lead the unified national effort to secure America. It has aimed to prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the US. Furthermore, the organization has vowed, as part of its mission, to safe and secure borders, welcome lawful immigrants and visitors, and to promote the free flow of commerce. (US Department of Homeland Security website, 2002) The organizational structure of the Department of Homeland Security has several components which involve resources within Federal, state and local governments. The following are the directorates and their components: Directorate for Preparedness, Directorate for Science and Technology, Directorate for Management, Office of Intelligence and Analysis, Office of Operations Coordination, Directorate for Policy, Domestic Nuclear Detection Office. The Directorate for Preparedness works with state, local, and private sector partners to identify threats, determine vulnerabilities, and target resources where risk is greatest, thereby safeguarding our borders, seaports, bridges and highways, and critical information systems. The Office of the Directorate for Science and Technology is the primary research and development arm of the Department. Â  It provides Federal, state and local officials with the technology and capabilities to protect the homeland. The Directorate for Management is responsible for Department budgets and appropriations, expenditure of funds, accounting and finance, procurement; human resources, information technology systems, facilities and equipment, and the identification and tracking of performance measurements. Finally, the Directorate for Policy works to enhance the nuclear detection efforts of Federal, State, territorial, tribal, and local governments, and the private sector and to ensure a coordinated response to such threats. (US Department of Homeland Security website, 2002) Aside from the Offices of the Directorates, the US Homeland Department also has independent organizations including the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Customs and Borders Protection, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, Citizenship and Immigration Services, the US Coast Guard, and the US Secret Service. The functions and main responsibilities of these agencies are as follows: FEMA prepares the nation for hazards, manages Federal response and recovery efforts following any national incident, and administers the National Flood Insurance Program. TSA protects the nation's transportation systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce. Customs and Borders Protection is responsible for protecting America’s borders in order to prevent terrorists and terrorist weapons from entering the United States, while facilitating the flow of legitimate trade and travel. ICE is responsible for identifying and shutting down vulnerabilities in the nation’s border, economic, transportation and infrastructure security. Federal Law Enforcement Training Center provides career-long training to law enforcement professionals to help them fulfill their responsibilities safely and proficiently. Citizenship and Immigration Services is responsible for the administration of immigration and naturalization adjudication functions and establishing immigration services policies and priorities. The US Coast Guard protects the public, the environment, and U.S. economic interests—in the nation’s ports and waterways, along the coast, on international waters, or in any maritime region as required to support national security. (US Department of Homeland Security website, 2002) Conclusion and analysis The aftermath of 9/11 has made America more conscious of its homeland security. And rightfully, it is so. The loss of innocent lives and the repercussions it made to the economy of the United States will serve as a reminder that we have to be on vigilant on the evil motives of some countries. The current structure of the US Department of Homeland Security has so far proven itself effective in carrying out its primary task of protecting America and its citizens against any threat to the nation’s freedom and independence. After carefully identifying and studying the organization chart of the Department of Homeland Security, I am of the opinion that everything has been placed exactly where they should be. Obviously, the move to cluster all agencies related to security and the protection of America’s homeland was carefully thought out. So far, the issue on security and preparedness in terms of calamities, whether natural or otherwise, has been properly addressed by this Department. Since America has not yet experienced another 9/11, it would seem to me that the Department of Homeland Security has been doing its job perfectly. References: The US Department of Homeland Security [online] Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/ Cited on: April 30, 2006 The White House [online] Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeland/index.html Cited on: April 30, 2006 ;

Gandhi, a former political leader from India, once said...

Gandhi, a former political leader from India, once said that â€Å"I object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary, the evil is does is permanent†. Before the events of World War 1, war was often glorified and people who joined the war were viewed as heroes for the country. In All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque, a former soldier from World War 1, takes the reader through Paul’s experiences as a soldier along with motivation for countries and soldier to join the war. Alongside this, Remarque shows gruesome images of soldier’s deaths in order to show what horrific consequences war took on both countries and soldiers. Nationalism and Alliances were a reason to join. People often viewed†¦show more content†¦The attack of Serbia caused by Austria-Hungary set off a chain reaction of war like events, starting from Russia coming for support due to close bonds between Serbia and Germany declaring war on both Russia and France. While many countries and individuals initially believed that entering WWI would benefit their country, the soldiers soon faced the negative consequences of losing their former identity and innocence. This was a terrible consequence from the war because the soldiers became dehumanized from their former identity. What was once as fun of a thing as life becomes stupefied; and as a result, the soldiers lose their humanity. In All Quiet on the Western Front, Remarque shows how soldiers fighting in WWI face losing their sense of humanity. This is evident in when Paul comes home during his leave and realizes that war has changed him for the worst. â€Å"Out there I was indifferent and often hopeless- I will never be able to be so again. I was a soldier, and now I am nothing but an agony for myself, for my mother, for everything that is so comfortless without end. I ought to have never come back† (Remarque 185). Not only has Paul lost his former sense of humanity, he feels at home bei ng a soldier rather than being at home. Paul is uncomfortable being at home as he can no longer live a life without thinking about death and feels agony for himself due to dehumanization. This isShow MoreRelatedHindi Nibandh on Advantages of Mobile and Disadvantage17790 Words   |  72 Pagesfor Questions 1 to 10 In 1954, a Bombay economist named A.D. Shroff began a Forum of Free Enterprise, whose ideas on economic development were somewhat at odds with those then influentially articulated by the Planning Commission of the Government of India. Shroff complained against the ‘indifference, if not discouragement’ with which the state treated entrepreneurs. At the same time as Shroff, but independently of him, a journalist named Philip Spratt was writing a series of essays in favour of freeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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